The future for space tourism

The future of space tourism is a hot debate today because the resent studies show that it is a phenomenon that the wealthy corporate as well as individuals such as the Californian Multi-Millionaire: Dennis Tito, are venturing into with the aim of reaching the Low Orbit Earth (LEO). This is an indication that the venture is going to be a well paying tourism sector. In addition, a large goal for the many developing space ship companies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The future for space tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They hope to shuttle cargo and the astronauts through a Commercial Orbital Transport System (COTS) to International Space Station (ISS). Companies like â€Å"Scaled Composites, Blue Origin, and SpaceX are developing† space commercial crafts as well as programs to enable people tour the earth’s orbit. The critics behind this industry are the costs involved. Millionaires such as Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Anousheh Ansari, Charles Simonyi and, Greg Olsen have spent approximately $20 million for a couple of days tour to space aboard the ISS. In line with Laliaberte Guy (1, 2009), he was the seventh private client to take a space adventure in September 30, 2009 in a poetic special mission to create public awareness regarding the â€Å"ONE DROP† foundation. For this reason, the characteristic of the playground is for the rich since there are strong indications regarding the costs involved. The future aspiration is on making space tourism available at affordable rates for the middle class. Just like the rush for space was a couple of years back, the race for space tourism is currently at is boiling point and thus this tourism industry has high growth expectations. Background information of the space tourism predicament The capability for space transportation has over the years seen very little advancement if any to facilitate a solution to the big obstacle of space development. New programs and equipments are essential requirements to facilitate space development and access. The reasons why people suffer from high space tourism costs is lack of proper space ships. This means that companies launch space ships that are highly volatile and thus the disposals after only a few usages. Today, there is urgent need for an approach that will move to a more rational and affordable space visit program. The biggest challenge is the ability to come up with a more robust, highly reliable but frequently reusable space ship: Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). Thesis/Problem statement â€Å"Future expectations of the space tourism,† is a research investigating and analyzing patterns and available perspectives into the key themes of the proposed innovative developments concerning infrastructure, technological advancement, reusability to ships and, partnership between t he government and private sector. The collaboration enhances the existing capabilities to make the development affordable and available to more willing participants.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hypothesis Statement The future for Space tourism is a program for the rich. It is a common believe among most people that, space tourism is for the rich with because one of the key contributors for its development is finances. Purpose/Significance of the study The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the consequences and key concepts involved in the development and offer suggestions from the research findings on ways of reducing or eliminating the social, economical and emotional challenges behind the tourism sector. Objectives of the study This term paper lays down the need for researching the background of the future space tourism, its impact to the society and those who are involved as well as assessment over the importance of the future endeavours and possible policy recommendations. Significance of the study operations The key topics to be covered entail the focus over commercial architecture and the funding required for fostering its implementation. This is in the aim of lowering the high degree of requirement for the embryonic space tourism and its drive towards lower transportation cost to avail the next generation of efficiency over operations. he International Space Station (ISS) currently faces challenges related to cost overruns efficient in starting the developmental phase of the key elements required for architectural growth in support for long-term ISS needs, and facilitation of next-generation systems. The Procedure of the Study/Research Methodology The literature reviews will enable better understanding of the topic. Preparation of the research proposal over the chosen topic will enhance and quantify the research as a study topic and prepare for respondents. Information collected will equally tabulate and assist in ranking the findings form broad areas and help to narrow the scope to the objectives of the study analysis. The analysis will then draw the conclusion from generally analyzed data in the literature review.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The future for space tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research findings will entail data collected through websites of the concern companies as well as marketing companies in the study area, observation of the proceedings over the specified data collection period. For the study analysis, the collected data and studies conducted used to discern patterns and formulate principles that might guide future action of the study subject. In this case study of space tourism the research checks the background information, progress, surveillance and examination of current state of matter and the involvement with other related cases. The analysis of records regarding internal as well as external consequences is equally important. Comparison of various space tourism vehicles manufactured today offers better understanding and analysis results. Correlation-prediction will involve statistically correlation and prediction of coefficients between aspiring and involved tourists. This term paper will therefore attempt to find or describe space tourism principles and explain existing status or competitions and propose future direction for the industry. Proposed Research Procedures The research study follows a design that samples some parental responses over the questions regarding availability of attributes, in supporting growth of a transport system that integrates a multi-faceted architecture in support for commercial space tourism. This advancement would support civil programs such as space exploration and settlement. The analysis of recently surveyed results ind icates that such a system would be in a position to address the current crisis in connection to the high cost of accessing space, ordinary liabilities, and unavailability of reusable systems into the current infrastructure. Literature Review Reusability The Space Transportation System (STS) in America has attempted to launch a reusable ship. Orbiter from space shuttle of an imitation produced in collaboration with Solid Rocket Booster (SRBs), which is well equipped with a wealth of knowledge with regard to the operability and reusability approaches. The Orbiter shuttle however requires a remote recovery procedure, which involves expensive manufacturing and some logistics recovery procedures to assist it take off.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that there is grater need for enhancing refurbishment other than remanufacturing before reusing the shuttle. There is equality need to adjust the turn around time between the flight by adopting the technological advancement and design techniques. Basing the current technology on reusable boosters is the space shuttle’s greatest revolutionary step to space transportation system. The costs and markets The other issues prohibiting the launce of more available and affordable space shuttle for potential clients entail costs and markets. Considering the production, initiating the new reusable space vehicles would be expensive considering there is only a small number of units’ reusable while the rest need remanufacturing. Secondly, the current technology uses the chemically propelled rockets, which are equally expensive. The production of large SRB reusable boosters for commercial purposes would be economically unjustifiable, although the STS may make the system le ss expensive in operability. The reusable boosters would replace the SRBs but with the shuttle, being too close to the end of its lifetime, then it would not take full advantage of the technology. Other major problem includes the space launch market that needs to be sufficient in support for a new vehicle that engages enough number of voyages. The current space allows for approximately 1000 satellite launches over a 10-year period. Simple arithmetic would equate this to 100 payloads per year and any new system must compete within that market niche. There are serious difficulties associated with this because any new system must pay up developmental and production costs in the aim of making a profit. Currently, there is a very low traffic measure, which cannot economically justify the least cost space vehicle. It is easy to imagine the exotic and elegance of the outer space comfort and cruise experience but these orbital technologies and lifestyles require a merge between National Aer onautics and Space Administration (NASA) architectural technologies with quality marketing strategies such as entertainment. â€Å"What markets would be involved in such space cruise ships?† In line with the Space Tourism Society (1, n.d), the marketing strategies would require one to know the facilities to include in the space such as hotels, and the products and services on offer to sustain in such an awkward environments. Futon Corporation is an industrial leader for forecasting the markets related to space tourism. It has considerable amount of realistic advancement plans for space flights. People like travelling and having fun and thus will be willing for the same in spaceships. According to Futron’s report (10), they forecast indicate, â€Å"Orbital space travel projects by 2021, will involve approximately 60 passengers flying annually, representing revenues in excess of US$300 million.† There is need for â€Å"market shock† and exploding demand may cause the economies of scale to act accordingly to the comfort levels where capitalist are in a position to venture into new markets such as the space ship markets and thus bring in more funds for the space transport system. Currently, the race over space tourism is between commercial enterprises. Upon the first commercial trip by Dennis Tito aboard a â€Å"Soyuz TM-32,† (Shayler, 1), in 2004 â€Å"British aviator-financier Richard Branson announced the launch of Virgin Galactic, a company which will use Spaceship One technology, with hopes of launching sub-orbital flights by 2008†. This race is evident with the virgin Atlantic launch of the â€Å"Virgin Galactic’s space vehicles.† This is a positive step since it has hybrid rocket motor power for enhancing reusability due to high amount of control it avails the pilots over landing. According to Virgin Galactic, this is a milestone catapult on the aviation industry and is for the good reason of enhancing space tourism. The space vehicle is currently an entirely carbon fused aviation means of space transport ever built therefore making it the most fuel resourceful system in comparison to its size. The vehicle is capable of currying huge payloads of approximately 35,0000lbs through high elevation over a wide range of miles. For the size of such a space ship, it has the ability to perform by manoeuvring over great heights (Virgin Galactic, 1). With this type of advancement, the space tourism emerges as a viable market considering its potential to generate high revenues thus the need to justify the investment requirements for a reduced cost of accessing the services. National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s research on the matter indicates that tens of millions of the United States citizens would wish to travel privately to space if the parties involved were able to alleviate the current global market barriers in the industry. Today most governments fail to recognize the potential of space tourism investment as prospective â€Å"revenue generating tax base or a drive to greater market drive for next generation† (Whalen, 3). However, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has greater initiative programs for generating reports over procedures to reduce risks and availing architectural requirements that meet the future generation space vehicles. The aim for space advancement has been a race between the Soviet Union and United States since 1957 when Soviet launched â€Å"Sputnik 1† (Siddiqi, 1). The pace has however slowed but exploration is still advancing. The USA launched a reusable shuttle in April 12, 1981 and USSR an â€Å"automatic reusable space craft: Buran in November 15, 1988.† The European Space Agency (ESA) lunched a commercial rocket: Aricane 4 to compete with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) over the unmanned space investigations. This efforts by ESA have catalyzes efforts and ambitio ns such as the Aurora plan to send a human being on a mission to Mars by the year 2030. The U.S. president Bush administration also planed a mission to reach the same goal and equally have a crew exploration space ship for return trip to the moon. These events are an evidence of the continual race over space tourism. In 2005, the ESA group teamed up with Russia on what seem to be a head start to co-fund and subsequently develop the â€Å"CEV† as a counterpart to â€Å"Kliper† scheduled for a first launch in 2011 thus going way before the U.S. plans. Other nations such as China are in a position of increasing required competition over exploration of space tourism. Their funding may be excessively low in comparison to ESA and NASA but they have a success concerning â€Å"Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou 6† and further plans for a space station by the â€Å"Chinese Space Program.† In 2006, the U.S. through the Pentagon released a report over china’s growing sp ace power concerning their â€Å"Chandrayaan-1† mission and other space programs especially by India and Japan. Suggested Research The tourism market is a broad market like the military or civil market and thus the need for better definition and identification especially for the next generation of the space transport systems. The governments need to enhance measures that promote the appreciation of space tourism. This paper suggests further research findings over the government promotion procedures. The governments ought to know that the technological developments are an important aspect of the market environment for the functioning of the future generation especially in the aeronautic industry. There is equally the need to research on enhancing procedures to make people understand prospective market niche and depth in the space tourism. Identification of require future technologies is equally important considering that the industry is a multi million dollar investment, thus the need to understand the potential of the market in details, possible estimate figures and time of returns on investment. Conclusion The space tourism industry is similar to the past airline history. There are many potential passengers willing to pay for the journey to space and the governments should therefore consider this as an eminent opportunity to solve the current costly space access inconveniences. If the corporation between the private sector and the government is able to drive admission charges to a lower level with the aim of encouraging rebirth of a new arena that encourages commerce and industry, then there will be a great utilization of the space opportunities for growth. The space tourism is an identified market niche that might catalyze utilization of infrastructure in space especially due to future discoveries. Work Cited Futron Corporation. â€Å"Space Tourism Market Study orbital space travel destinations with suborbital space travel.† Wisconsin, Bethesd a, Maryland, MD. 2002. Web. Laliberte, Guy. â€Å"Moving Stars and Earth for Water: Poetic special mission†. Space adventures. September 30, 2009. Web. Shayler, David J. â€Å"Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft.† Rex Hall, 2003. Siddiqi, Asif A. â€Å"Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge.† 2003. Space Tourism Society. â€Å"The Orbital Lifestyle.† A non-profit visionary space experience research and design organization. (n.d). Web. Virgin Galactic. â€Å"Spaceships: Virgin Galactic’s Vehicles.† (n.d). Web. Whalen, David J. â€Å"Communications Satellites: Making the Global Village Possible.† National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2007. Web. This research paper on The future for space tourism was written and submitted by user Iliana H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Choose A Product That Has Been Targeted For One Market Term Paper

Choose A Product That Has Been Targeted For One Market Term Paper Choose A Product That Has Been Targeted For One Market – Term Paper Example Defining the target market Home Depot’s products have traditionally being targeted towards men. However, guided by significance a house carries in the personal life of a person, its attachment with women, attributes of retreat, security and personalities compelled it to offer its DIY and home improvement products to women category. Detailed dissection of this target market goes as:Demographic- demographics will include women customers who demand coziness, personal touch and warmth to their residing place. It will be placed in high-class income cadre able to avail the services of professional builders and contractors.Socio-economic- it will include factors like working class of people and those who wish to add a unique element to their babies room or similar other section of the house.Psychographic- psycho graphically, Home Depot’s products in women category will cater to the needs of urban class customers. This will also incorporate features of enhanced appearance, stat us and show demanded by corporate clients.Lifestyle- Home Depot’s products will leave an experience in the minds of customers who consider their home dà ©cor and furnishing equivalent to their own personality.Defining the product mixThe product mix for this new group will encompass:Product: home improvement tools, do-it-yourself projects, home dà ©cor accessories, etc.Price: targeted at middle and high income strata.Place: women specially will be allowed to carry out their own renovations proudly through stores; corporate clients will be specially served through professionals and agents for added services (CCK 2011).Promotion: primary promotion will be done through women and family magazines and display of designed interiors at company’s stores. Discount coupons and offer pamphlets will be distributed at real estate agents and offices also.Value-added products and servicesTo grab immediate attention and response, differential sections will be opened up at its stores. Busy customers will be served separately due to their hectic schedules and time constraints. Uniquely, short sessions for home improvement will also be conducted, providing customers with fundamental knowledge of colors, styles and aesthetics (Tolunay 2011). CCK. Home Depot. 19 November 2011 Tolunay, Cenk. Home Depot vs. Lowe’s: Financial Analysis and Comparison. 19 November 2011

Use the literature to identify the internal and external factors which Essay

Use the literature to identify the internal and external factors which affect the choice of market entry strategy and conduct research on those for your particular case - Essay Example The data used in the identification of the internal and external factors was obtained from a report by the Korean Government and internal analysis by IKEA on its profitability and strengths. This internal-external analysis of factors is provided in full in the appendix section of the paper with close references in the body of the report. The researcher’s indebtedness to foreign literature and ideas is shown in the text (in text citations) and in full in the bibliography section of the study. Direct exporting forms the most basic mode of exporting that IKEA can use in the entry of its products into the Korean market (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Based on the strong financial performance of the company in the previous year, IKEA can successfully enjoy from reduced costs due to economies of scale from concentrated production in the home country by directly exporting its products into the Korean market and subsequently enjoying control of the distribution chains. The company can either use sales representatives or importing distributors in the Korean market. The sales representatives will be comprised of foreign suppliers and manufactures of the IKEA products in the Korean market working for an established commission of sales (Lymbersky, 2008). This will be advantageous to IKEA as the sales representatives will provide support services in the foreign country. Importing distributors can be used by the company to purchase the products directly from IKEA in their own right and resell these products in the Korean market as wholesalers, retailer or a mix of both. These importing distributors are best suited for entry of products that are carried in inventory such as the appliances and furniture products manufactured by IKEA. A franchising agreement is a system in which a semi-independent business owner (franchisee) pays royalties and fees to a parent company (franchiser) in return for the right of identification of the franchisee to the trademark, sale of goods and use

Nursing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing Management - Essay Example The paper tells that high turnover rates may lead to poor patient outcomes because the institution could loose employees who have gained some levels of expertise, familiarity with the work environment and patient trust. This has the potential of making the hospital to loose customers leading to reduce profit margins or reduced economies of scale. The institution also incurs expenses in the process of recruiting new staff. At times, the new workforce needs to be trained on certain skills that are important for quality patient outcomes. This means the higher the turn over rates, the higher the rate at which the institution incurs these expenses. Castle and Engberg explain that when the levels of absenteeism are high, the nurses who are available are forced to take mandatory overtime and this presents extra costs to the healthcare institution. This could also affect the efficiency of the available nurses because of working under strenuous conditions. Because of this, the healthcare inst itution may become limited in its capacity to handle normal number of patients. Absenteeism also leads to inconsistency in managing patient cases because teams handling patients have to be changed frequently and this may lead to poor patient outcomes and reduced trust by customers. In regard to patient privacy, nurses should consider the effects of breaching privacy on the patient such as withdrawal and lack of cooperation. There are also circumstances which require that nurses weigh the importance of revealing the patient information to some relevant information verses the risks of maintaining privacy. An example is where the parents of a youngsters have to be notified of their child’s condition so that they can support in paying for their treatment. If the youngster’s condition is serious and the parents are not notified, the patient could die. Nurses should also consider the relevance of the third parties for example insurance companies or employers paying for a pat ient’s medical bills have the right to access the patient’s medical records or else they might not pay. Others could include people who could be potentially harmed by the patient’s condition. In the case of married couples, nurses should not withhold the medical records of their partners from them. 3) Discuss the importance of policy, protocol and procedure manuals in hospital wards. In hospital wards, policies are important in justifying some of the interventions taken by nurses that the patients could question for example referral of all patients suspected to be victims of physical abuse or rape to the most appropriate external medical provider. They also spell out permission granted to nurses in regard to some emergency cases for example administration of epinephrine to a anaphylaxis patient without an order from registered nurse or physician. Protocols guide nurses on the right thing to do in regard to their various roles for example what to include when mak ing orders for the treatment of a patient. These could include patient’s full names, frequency and route of administration, date and time ordered among others. Procedure manuals on the other hand ensure that right from reception, admission and henceforth, the correct medical examinations and procedures are conducted on all patients and they are given the right medications. 4) Define the term ‘skill mix’, and explain why ‘team nursing’ is ‘skill mix’. The term skill mix simply means a mix of staff in the workforce or the pooling of professionals from various fields to accomplish a given task. Roles and activities are demarcated among various categories of staff. Team nursing can be described as skill mix because it involves the working together of professionals

An important family story or story some one told you Essay

An important family story or story some one told you - Essay Example He picked on everyone but he wasn’t so tough the woods didn’t scare him, at least a little. The woods were where suburbia and our world as we knew it ended, about two blocks from our street. Sometimes we would venture to the edge peering into the thick brush wondering how far it went, maybe to the ocean about 1000 miles away, we didn’t know. The few times we got close were when the trees were bare in the cold months. When the trees and brush was full with leaves you couldn’t see more than a few yards. The woods were that thick and that scary. When I asked my parents about the woods they answered with whatever they thought would satisfy my curiosity, in other words shut me up, but didn’t seem to know anything about what was in or beyond the thick treed darkness. It was dark, even in broad daylight. The woods were the perfect setting for nightmares and most kids must have had the same dreams because nobody would dare walk into the darkness. It was rumored that an old abandoned house was somewhere in the woods. This story was told by the much older kids who said they had been in it but nobody believed them. It wasn’t possible because nobody went into the woods, absolutely nobody. The house became an obsession with me and my friends, where was it, who lived there and what secrets was it hiding? We thought a murder likely happened there or at least somebody died in that house. Maybe there body is still there. Maybe the murderer still lives there, safe because nobody, not even the police would dare go. Yes, it was that frightening to a group of young kids whose imagination was fully engaged. Imagination was a large part of our lives at the time. We imagined being soldiers, sports stars, pop stars, or whatever. Imagining horrible secrets lurked in the house in the woods came easy for us. We became almost certain the house was haunted. It had to be because the woods certainly were haunted. One summer two

Cadbury India and Cadbury UK Comparison

Cadbury India and Cadbury UK Comparison The Cadburys Inc has provided us a broader view of the chocolate category. The Cadbury chocolate is able to share with their market insights based on the unparalleled breadth of chocolate experience. Cadbury has grown from strength to strength with new technologies being introduced to make the Cadbury confectionery business one of the most efficient in the world. The merge in 1969 with the Schweppes and the subsequent development of the business have led to the Cadbury Schweppes to take the lead in the both confectionery and the soft drink market in United Kingdom and becoming a major force in the international market. Today Cadbury Schweppes manufactures its products in 60 countries. The Cadbury story is a fascinating story of a family business that grew in one the biggest, most lowed chocolate brand in the world. A story that you will remember as the story of The RealTaste of Life. THE LEGEND CALLED CADBURY 1824 In 1824, John Cadbury opened a grocers shop at 93 Bull Street, Birmingham in the 1830s. Among other things, he sold cocoa and drinking chocolate, which he prepared himself using a pestle and mortar. 1831 The Cadbury manufacturing business was born in 1831, when John Cadbury decided to start producing on a commercial scale and bought a four-storey warehouse in nearby Crooked Lane. 1842 John Cadbury was selling no less than 16 varieties of drinking chocolate and 11 different cocoas! The earliest preserved price list shows that you could buy drinking chocolate in the form of both pressed cakes and powder. 1861 Johns health rapidly declined and he finally retired in 1861, handing over complete control of the business to his sons Richard and George. 1866 The turning point for the Cadbury business was the introduction of a new processing technique, resulting in the 1866 launch of Cadbury Cocoa Essence, the UKs first unadulterated cocoa. 1879 The business prospered and the factory was moved to Greenfeild a few miles away from Birmingham known as Bourneville. 1897 When Cadbury started making Cocoa Essence they had lots of cocoa butter left over, so they used it to make bars of chocolate!. 1905 Swiss manufacturers were leading the field in milk chocolate, with much better products than their rivals. In 1904, George Cadbury Junior was given the challenge to develop a milk chocolate bar with more milk than anything else on the market. (SOURCE : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-story) Cadburys Dairy Milk Story In June 1905, Cadbury made its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars, and it became the companys best selling product by 1913. George Cadbury Junior, responsible for the development of the bar, has said All sorts of names were suggested: Highland Milk, Jersey and Dairy Maid. But when a customers daughter suggested Dairy Milk, the name stuck. Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1928, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1933. By this point, Cadburys was the brand leader in the United Kingdom. In 1928, Cadburys introduced The Glass and A Half slogan to accompany the Dairy Milk bar, to advertise the bars higher milk content. (SOURCES : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/products/Dairy-Milk?c2=1459p=2360) Cadburys Milk Tray 1915 Boxes of chocolates had been produced at Cadbury since the 1860s. But they were expensive, sold in small quantities and would only have been bought for very special occasions. Milk Tray was different: a chocolate assortment, affordable enough to be an everyday treat. To start with, the chocolates were sold in 5 1/2 lb boxes, which would be put out in trays to sell to customers, which is where the name originated from. One was Milk Tray and one was Plain Tray. Then, in 1916, Cadbury produced a half-pound box of chocolates, followed by a 1Ib box in 1924. By the mid 1930s it was outselling all its competitors. (SOURCE : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/Home/the-story/milk-tray-is-launched) The Cadbury Story Cadburys Success Story In 1824, the U.K. enterprise founded by John Cadbury had the objective of creating the chocolates that could be recognised as the most highest quality driven chocolates. By 1969, there was a merger between the Cadbury and Schweppes, the soft drink giant. Cadbury brands were already famous all around the world. Today more than 120 countries enjoy the products by Cadbury, having over 40 brands in the chocolate confectionery. Cadbury also dominated the market as far as U.K. and Australia and thats why it have been dubbed as The worlds master chocolate makers. The Secret of Cadburys Success The secret behind Cadburys continuing success is first theres a careful selection of finest cocoa beans from the western parts of Africa, adding the quality of hazel nuts from Turkey and fine sheets and natural ingredients available to us anywhere. At last, theres skillful marketing as Cadbury always takes care in the selection and marketing process of the right range of products. The key ingredients in Cadburys success is the selection of the right product, partners, marketing team and strategies, promotion techniques, and finally the employees. Success is based on 3 factors : Quality, Advertising, Value for Money. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Product Profile Cadbury have a wide range of product line with more than 40 brands of chocolate confectioneries. The products can be filtered as : Christmas Treat Bars Boxes, tins and bags Drinks Halloween Treat Cadburys Market Segment Market place for any product consists of many different segments of customers, each having needs and wants different from each other. The market segments can be defined in numerous ways : Demographic Variables (gender, marital status etc) Lifestyle of consumers (daily activities, hobbies), the benefits that the customers look for in a product or an occasion on which the product may be consumed. Cadbury takes in account all the major segments while manufacturing and designing new product range. The company has targetted numerous segments in the same market such as : Snatched Break Segment It refers to the breaks that the consumers use to consume products like chocolates, biscuits etc with tea or coffee. Example Cadbury Perk Impulse Segment The products which are bought without thinking on the spot, no planning is done before the product or the service is bought from the market place. This includes chocolates like Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury United Kingdom Market Size The six months ended 30 June, Cadburys underlying pre-tax profits jumped by 11 per cent to  £262m at constant currency. Its total sales jumped by 4 per cent to  £2.77bn Todd Stitzer, chief executive of Cadbury said. The chocolate tablet confectionery market is CDM market, representing 17%,  £ 731 million. The CDM brand is worth approximately  £360 million in the UK. 500 million bars are made each year, in the UK. By 2007 Cadburys held over 10% of the  £731 million UK confectionery market share with 23 types of CDM . (SOURCE : Leatherhead Food Research, 2009, Cadbury,n.d.) Gorilla is a British Advertisement Campaign launched by Cadbury Schweppes in 2007 to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk brand chocolate. The 90-second television and cinema advertisement, which formed the centre piece of the GBP 6.2 million campaign, was created and directed by Juan Cabral and starred actor Garon Michael. The campaign itself, which comprised appearances on billboards, print newspapers and magazines, television and cinema spots, event sponsorships and an internet presence, was handled by advertising agency Fallon London. Threats Competitive pressures from other branded suppliers (national and global). Aggressive price and promotion activity by competitors possible price wars in developed markets. Brands in competition Value Share DM (C/Kraft) [50%-60%] Galaxy (Mars) [10%-20%] Excellence (Lindt) [5%-10%] Aero (Nestle) [5%-10%] Milka (Kraft) [0%-5%] There is a threat of change of the current external environment which is likely to alter the nature of the market. For example change in the taxing regime, Government laws regulating the industry, and other factors which are likely to impact negatively on the industry (SOURCE:Cadbury, 2008). There exists no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and consumers frequently shift their brands. Raised health and ethical concerns. Opportunities The confectionery market is characterized by a high degree of merger and acquisition activity in recent years. Opportunities exist to increase share through targeted acquisitions. There is a lot of potential for growth and a huge population who do not eat chocolates even today that can be converted as new users. Recommendations Dairy Milk should emphasis on cocoa-butter not milk-butter as the latter melts at higher temperatures and thus building perception of quality. Price also needs to become more affordable. Promotional strategies also need to be revised especially in Cadbury UK so as to gain attraction of customers above other famous brands. People in UK focus more on the packaging and the ingredients and less on the taste. So Cadbury here should make strategies to attract customers by being effective in this area. Cadbury India is well established and is a leading brand so it should continue with their effective style of advertisements and other promotional schemes. One new product launch every year might be profitable. (SOURCE: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/) Market Scanning This implies scanning internal and external environment. internal environment consists of 4ps, external implies scanning environment within which company operates. Analysing 4ps of Cadbury in comparison with close rival companies Marketing Mix Elements Cadbury Hershey Nestle Mars Inc. Product Range of fair trade chocolates, Chocolate bar that are made up of more milk, biscuits, ice cream, beverages etc Chocolate and candy bars, baking chocolate, lollipops, cookies, cocoa mix, ice cream toppings etc Chocolates, cereals, The company uses its name to endorse /nestle Easy Whip, fair trade Kit Kat M Ms, Fair trade Mars, Snickers, Orbit, Extra. Place Sold through network of whole sellers, retailers Retail outlets like convenience store, grocery chains, brokers, whole seller and retailers Only on stores and supermarket Retailers and whole sellers Price Affordable + high quality indulgence Prefer to stay with one price policy Low prices compared to other chocolates Affordable Promotion TV, Internet, outdoor, radio, emotional appeals in ads Brand extension, acquiring famous brands Extensive promotional tools, constant product supply Intensive ads campaign worth of  £600 million. The company stands better in terms of range of products as it offers more products than other confectionery company. Many brand under Cadbury have been certified as fair trade while only few chocolates have been certified as fair trade for rival companies. With regards to place the company needs to develop direct relationship with supermarkets, grocery chains as what competitor Hershey is pursuing. In terms of price, the company is considered to be slightly expensive than Nestle. The company also lags behind than Mars Inc. in regard to promotion. Source: Best Global Confectionery Company, Corporate Watch (2010) Cadbury India Cadbury began its operations in India in 1948 by importing  chocolates. After 60 years of existence, it today has five company-owned manufacturing facilities an 4 sales offices. The corporate office is in Mumbai. Market Size The chocolate market for India is growing rapidly. The market size has grown larger in the recent years. Of the 20 tonnes of the market for chocolate accounting for around 400 crores, out of which Cadburys share is 70% which is followed by Nestle accounting for about 20 %, then Amul having 5% and rest with the minors. The major competition is between the Cadbury and Nestle. At present, the existing Cadbury Dairy Milk has a market share of 35 per cent.We already have 70 per cent of the Rs 2,000-crore (Rs 20-billion) chocolate market in India and now with the retail environment changing, Silk will help us tap into a wider audience, says Cadburys executive director, marketing and international business, Sanjay Purohit. Threats There may be a threat of entry of other products in the market which will increase the level of competition in the market. There are other companies which are likely to introduce the same products in the market once there is success of the initial product.(Cadbury, 2008). Social changes like rising obesity and consumers obsession with calories counting.( Department of Health, 2005) Globalisation may bring in better brands for upper end of the market and it may loose market share but will remain brand leader. Opportunities Increasing gifts cultures in India. Substitute to Mithais with higher calories/cholesterol. To respond to changes in consumer tastes and preferences healthier snacks with lower calories need to be developed. Internet usage in India has been growing at a very high rate and majority of the urban population is connected to the interest. Since there is not company that is currently using online sales, the company will look into using this strategy to boosts its sales (Laura, 2008). Brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchan for advertising there new products. As Cadbury became a part of Krafts Foods, its distribution  network is increased. Positioning Cadbury dairy milk made position of its product chocolate not only in the minds of consumers but also in the market. It uses various promotional techniques to make position in the minds of customers Cadbury have good quality, more features like unique taste, design, logo and other attributes as compared to its competitors. Cadbury dairy milk is superior in quality, continuous improvements Its price is reasonable and affordable by all customers. good use of advertising is used especially the use of slogans to position a positive concept in customers minds. Cadburys reputation is built upon quality; a commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that this promise continues to be delivered. The companys punch line for advertising Cadbury dairy milk REAL TASTE OF LIFE itself depicts how well the product is positioned in the market. The product shows the purity of milk, taste. PEST Analysis P : There are no restrictions on the pricing of the products by the political institutions that is the pricing of the product is decontrolled. E : 1) There has been an increase in the per capita income depicting high disposable income. 2) There has been an increase in demand due to the growth of the middle class. 3) Better penetration due to low production costs. S : 1) Increased demand due to increasing gift culture. 2) Increased substitute demand against the Indian Mithais. T : The company has fulfilled the international standards. FINDINGS AND SURVEYS Do you consume chocolates ? Which chocolate brands do you prefer ? From where do you prefer to buy chocolates ? Are you aware of the campaign Gorilla ? Which Cadbury product do you usually prefer to consume ? Do you think Cadburys products are easily available in the market ? DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Data was tabulated manually and was also analysed manually. Excel was used to make graphs and pie charts. Simple average method was used to compute the data and to get to the answers of the questions : 26 % of the people are not interested in eating the chocolates and 74 are eating chocolates. 60 % people prefer the Cadbury brand chocolates after that of Nestle, Mars, Lindt etc. Most of the people buy chocolates from the super stores and after that from retail outlets and movie halls. 54 % of the people are not aware of any brand campaign GORILLA whereas 46% are aware. This shows that the company needs to advertise more in the market. Dairy Milk is the most consumed chocolate product from Cadbury. 90% shows that the Cadbury brand chocolates are easily available in the market.

DNA and common elements :: Biology

Biology Topic Three Chemical elements element Function Prokaryotes Plants animals Sulphur proteins proteins Proteins Calcium Flagella movement Forms cell plate during cytokinesis Shells, bones, vesicle fusion Phosphorus Nucleic acids and ATP Nucleic acids and ATP Nucleic acids and ATP iron Cytochrome- used in respiration Cytochromes-used in reparation Cytochromes – used in mitochondria respiration, haemoglobin Sodium Main cation in cytoplasm Transmission of nerve impulses Water - Polar molecule - Oxygen has slight negative charge - Hydrogen has slight positive charge - Opposite charges attract - This forms hydrogen bonds - This is called cohesion - Water can store lots of heat - Water can dissolve other polar molecules - Other substances can form ions in water and dissolve Organisms and properties of water - Can be used as a coolant because it requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds to go from liquid to gaseous state - Is a good medium for metabolic reactions due to the fact it is a good solvent due to its polarity. Watery cytoplasm dissolve substances and metabolic reactions can take place easily. - Water can be a good transport substance due to its high specific heat. Cohesion is the forming of hydrogen bonds and hydrolysis is the breaking of hydrogen bonds. Organic and inorganic compounds - Organic compounds are those that contain carbon and are found in living organisms. - They do not include carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and oxides of carbon. Identifying: Ribose and Glucose - Ring structure - One carbon outside the ring - CnH2nOn with n = 5 for ribose and n = six for glucose - Each carbon has four bonds - Eachs carbon has an Oh bond and an H bond. Identifying: Amino acids - Nitrogen is the key atom - Twenty amino acids used as proteins - They all have the same structure of The R is changeable and can be any of many different things. Identifying: Fatty Acids - At one end is CH3 group and at the other COOH or carboxylic acid group - Between these is a number of CH or CH2 groups. - Double bonds mean that the fatty acid is unsaturated - If there are lots of double bonds then the fatty acid is called polyunsaturated. Identifying: Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Disaccharides: Matose (glucose + glucose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose. All from poly-glucose In plants carbohydrates serve as an energy source and component of sucrose while it is also used to build cell walls and transport things In animals it is broken down to produce energy, and is a sugar in milk and used as an energy store.